Full Mock test 2

Measure of central tendency is a value that represents a typical, or central, entry of a data set. The most common measures of central tendency are:

1.  Mean (Average): The sum of all the data entries divided by the number of entries.
2.  Median: The value that lies in the middle of the data when the data set is ordered. If the data set has an odd number of entries, then the median is the middle data entry. If the data has an even number of entries, then the median is obtained by adding the two numbers in the middle and dividing result by two.
3.  Mode: The data entry that occurs with the greatest frequency. A data set may have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode. If no entry is repeated the data set has no mode.
4.  Outliers are not just greatest and least values, but values that are very different from the pattern established by the rest of the data. Outliers affect the mean. When outliers are present it is best to use the median as the measure of central tendency.

When research is conducted hypothesis formulation is one of the most preliminary steps. Hypothesis formulation helps in formulating the research problem. Hypothesis formulation is not a necessary but an important step of the research. A valid and reasonable research can be conducted without any hypothesis. Hypothesis can be one and it can be as many as possible. Some studies are conducted to develop a hypothesis, like exploratory studies, so exploratory studies do not have a clear hypothesis. Descriptive studies can also be conducted without a hypothesis. In explanatory studies, that develop a relationship between dependent and independent variable, as well as, explain the type of relationship between the two variables, there is always a hypothesis. Example: For example if you want to conduct a study on the Effects of Parental Depression on the Academic Performance of Children, you may like to conduct it without any hypothesis but then you will have many dimensions to think upon and will be more likely get distracted. If you formulate a hypothesis, that parental depression results in depression in children too and this depression leads to low grades, your research will get a direction and you will not think about the broader effects of depression everything is well defined you have to test the impact of depression on the children’s depression and as well as on the grades of children. You may not need to test the impacts on the extracurricular activities, class conduct, and other such things.   Source