UPSC PRELIMINARY MOCK TEST 49

Gaganyaan is an Indian crewed orbital spacecraft that is intended to send 3 astronauts to space for a minimum of seven days by 2022, as part of the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. The spacecraft, which is being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro), consists of a service module and a crew module, collectively known as the Orbital Module. It will be for the first time that India will launch its manned mission to space, making the country fourth in line to have sent a human to space. Isro's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk III, the three-stage heavy-lift launch vehicle, will be used to launch Gaganyaan as it has the necessary payload capability.

GSLV Mk III is designed to carry 4 ton class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 10 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The powerful cryogenic stage of GSLV Mk III enables it to place heavy payloads into LEO's of 600 km altitude. The launcher uses two S200 solid rocket boosters to provide the huge amount of thrust required for lift off.

Source: https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-identifies-4-astronauts-for-india-s-manned-space-mission-gaganyaan-120010100926_1.html

Industrial solid waste

The major producers of solid waste are:

• Thermal power plants producing coal ash/ fly ash;
• The integrated iron and steel mills producing blast furnace slag;
• Non-ferrous industries like aluminium, copper and zinc producing red mud and tailings;
• Sugar industries generating press mud;
• Pulp and paper industries producing lime mud;
• Fertilizer and allied industries producing gypsum;
• Hospitals producing bio-medical waste

Statement 1 is correct. Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi-judicial body.

Statement 2 is correct. The Finance Commission is constituted by the President every fifth year or even earlier.

Statement 3 is incorrect. The Finance Commission consists of a chairman and four other members to be appointed by the President.

Besides the Fundamental Rights included in Part III, there are certain other rights contained in other parts of the Constitution. These rights are known as constitutional rights or legal rights or nonfundamental rights. They are:

1. No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law (Article 265 in Part XII).
2. No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law (Article 300-A in Part XII).
3. Trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free (Article 301 in Part XIII).
4. The elections to the LokSabha and the State Legislative Assembly shall be on the basis of adult suffrage (Article 326 in Part XV).

Even though the above rights are also equally justiciable, they are different from the Fundamental Rights. In case of violation of a Fundamental Right, the aggrieved person can directly move the Supreme Court for its enforcement under Article 32, which is in itself a fundamental right. But, in case of violation of the above rights, the aggrieved person cannot avail this constitutional remedy. He can move the High Court by an ordinary suit or under Article 226 (writ jurisdiction of high court).

It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. Haemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells.