India's Struggle for Independence, Bipan Chandra, Chapter - 8

Born in 1856, Tilak devoted his entire life to the service of his country. In 1881, along with G.G. Agarkar, he founded the newspaper Kesari (in Marathi) and Mahratta (in English). In 1888, he took over the two papers and used their columns to spread discontent against British rule and to preach national resistance to it. Tilak was a fiery and courageous journalist whose style was simple and direct and yet highly readable. "

• Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density. Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while vertical changes are called upwellings or downwellings. This abiotic system is responsible for the transfer of heat, variations in biodiversity, and Earth's climate system
• In the lower latitudes, the warm currents flow on the eastern shores and cold on the western shores.
• The situation is reversed in the higher latitudes. The warm currents move along the western shores and the cold currents along the eastern shores.
• Cold ocean currents have a direct effect on desert formation in west coast regions of the tropical and subtropical continents.

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Italy's Mount Etna volcano has erupted again resulting in more than 130 earthquakes of up to 4.3 in magnitude. Mount Etna is the largest active volcano in Europe and one of the world's most frequently erupting volcanoes. It is also the volcano with the longest record of continuous eruption. "

• The incident began when the sepoys broke into the fort where the many sons and daughters of Tippu Sultan of Mysore and their families had been lodged since their surrender at Seringapatam (now Shrirangapattana) in 1799 during the fourth Mysore War.
• The July 10 outbreak, though encouraged by the Mysore princes, was basically caused by resentment at new British regulations that ordered changes in headgear and shaving style and the prohibition of ornaments and caste marks for the Indian troops. Little effort was made by the British to reassure the men or listen to their grievances, which included the belief that the regulations were detrimental to the religious practices of both Hindus and Muslims.
• There were also complaints about the sepoys' pay.

July 9^th, 'Life' Page, Section 2, TH ;

Britannica: Vellore Mutiny ; "