Computer networking MCQ

1001. When we divide band of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) into sub bands, it diminishes effects of

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Interference.

Exam Relevance: Wireless Communications, Digital Signal Processing, Telecommunications Engineering

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: In OFDM, dividing the band into sub-bands helps mitigate the effects of interference.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the benefits of OFDM with noise reduction or collision avoidance, which are not the primary advantages of sub-band division.

Explanations: In OFDM, the signal is divided into multiple subcarriers, each carrying a portion of the data. This division allows the system to handle frequency-selective fading and multipath interference more effectively. By spreading the data across multiple subcarriers, the impact of interference on any single subcarrier is reduced, thereby improving the overall system performance.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Noise is not the primary concern when dividing the band into sub-bands in OFDM. Noise reduction is more related to the overall signal-to-noise ratio and coding techniques.
Option B: Collision is not a primary issue in OFDM systems, as they are typically designed for non-contentious communication environments.
Option C: Interference is effectively managed by dividing the band into sub-bands, as each subcarrier can be individually adjusted to mitigate the effects of interference.
Option D: Signals absence is not directly related to the division of the band into sub-bands in OFDM.

1002. Range of possible sequence numbers of Go-Back-N Protocol which is concern of receiver is called the

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (D) Receiver sliding window.

Exam Relevance: Computer Networks, Data Communication, Network Protocols

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: In the Go-Back-N protocol, the range of sequence numbers that the receiver is concerned with is known as the receiver sliding window. This window defines the range of packets that the receiver is expecting and can acknowledge.

Common Mistakes: Students often confuse the receiver sliding window with the sender sliding window, which is the range of sequence numbers that the sender can transmit without waiting for an acknowledgment.

Explanations: The receiver sliding window in the Go-Back-N protocol is the range of sequence numbers that the receiver is prepared to accept and acknowledge. This window moves as the receiver acknowledges packets, allowing the receiver to handle out-of-order packets and manage the flow of incoming data. The receiver sliding window is crucial for ensuring that the receiver can correctly process and acknowledge packets within the expected sequence range.

Option Analysis:

Option A: The sender sliding window refers to the range of sequence numbers that the sender can transmit without waiting for an acknowledgment, which is not the focus of the question.
Option B: Pipelining at the sender refers to the sender's ability to transmit multiple packets before receiving acknowledgments, which is not directly related to the receiver's sequence number range.
Option C: Pipelining at the receiver is not a standard term in the context of the Go-Back-N protocol and does not refer to the range of sequence numbers the receiver is concerned with.
Option D: The receiver sliding window is the correct term for the range of sequence numbers that the receiver is prepared to accept and acknowledge, which aligns with the question's focus.

Mnemonic: R-SW: Receiver Sliding Window

1003. A virtual-circuit switching network X.25 was designed in the

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) 1970s.

Exam Relevance: Computer Networks, Data Communications, Telecommunications

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: X.25 is a standard for packet-switched networks that was developed in the 1970s.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the timeline of X.25 with other networking protocols or standards that were developed in later decades.

Explanations: X.25 was designed and standardized in the 1970s as a virtual-circuit switching network. It was one of the first packet-switched network protocols and was widely used in the early days of the internet and data communication networks. The development of X.25 in the 1970s marked a significant advancement in the field of telecommunications and data networking.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Correct. X.25 was designed in the 1970s.
Option B: Incorrect. X.25 was not designed in the 1980s.
Option C: Incorrect. X.25 was not designed in the 1990s.
Option D: Incorrect. X.25 was not designed in the 2000s.

Mnemonic: X.25, 70s, Virtual Circuit

1004. Which of the following is not applicable for IP?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Error reporting.

Exam Relevance: CCNA, CISSP, CompTIA Network+

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for addressing and routing packets across networks. It does not handle error reporting directly.

Common Mistakes: Students may mistakenly believe that IP handles error reporting because it is involved in packet transmission.

Explanations: IP is primarily responsible for addressing and routing packets. Error reporting is typically handled by higher-level protocols such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) or ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). IP itself does not have mechanisms for error reporting.

Option Analysis:

Option A: IP does not handle error reporting directly. Error reporting is managed by other protocols like TCP or ICMP.
Option B: IP handles addressing conventions by assigning IP addresses to devices and routing packets to the correct destination.
Option C: IP defines the datagram format, which includes the header and payload structure for packets.
Option D: IP manages packet handling conventions, such as fragmentation and reassembly of packets.

Mnemonic: IP: Address, Route, No Error

1005. What is Usenet?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) It is a provider of news.

Exam Relevance: GRE, GMAT, IT Certification Exams

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: Usenet is a worldwide distributed discussion system where users can post messages to newsgroups, which are dedicated to specific topics. It functions as a provider of news and discussion forums.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse Usenet with other forms of online communication, such as email or instant messaging, which do not have the same structure and purpose.

Explanations: Usenet is a distributed system that allows users to post and read messages on various topics. It is structured into newsgroups, each dedicated to a specific subject, making it a provider of news and discussion forums. This aligns with the correct answer, as Usenet primarily functions to provide news and discussion content.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Correct. Usenet is a provider of news and discussion forums.
Option B: Incorrect. Usenet is not a low-cost dial-up network; it is a distributed discussion system.
Option C: Incorrect. While Usenet can forward files, it is not primarily used for this purpose. It is mainly a provider of news and discussion forums.
Option D: Incorrect. The correct answer is provided in Option A.

1006. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is used to avoid the

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (D) Collision.

Exam Relevance: Computer Networks, Data Communications, Network Fundamentals

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: CSMA/CD is a protocol used in Ethernet networks to manage data transmission and avoid collisions.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse CSMA/CD with error correction mechanisms, which are different from collision detection.

Explanations: CSMA/CD is designed to detect and handle collisions that occur when two or more devices attempt to transmit data simultaneously on a shared medium. When a collision is detected, the devices stop transmitting and wait for a random period before attempting to retransmit. This mechanism ensures that the network remains efficient and that data transmission is not unnecessarily delayed by collisions.

Option Analysis:

Option A: CSMA/CD does not directly address errors, but rather the prevention of collisions that can cause errors.
Option B: Multiple access is a feature of CSMA/CD, but it is not the primary purpose of the protocol.
Option C: Point-to-point access is not relevant to CSMA/CD, which is used in shared medium networks.
Option D: Collision detection is the primary function of CSMA/CD, ensuring that multiple devices can share a network without interference.

1007. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), needs buffers for

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Storage.

Exam Relevance: Computer Networks, Data Communications, Network Security

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: TCP requires buffers for storage to manage data transmission between networked devices.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the purpose of buffers with other functions like request handling or connection management.

Explanations: TCP uses buffers to temporarily store data packets before they are transmitted or after they are received. This storage is crucial for managing the flow of data and ensuring reliable transmission.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Correct. TCP uses buffers for storage to manage data flow.
Option B: Incorrect. Buffers are not primarily used for request handling.
Option C: Incorrect. Buffers are not used for managing connections.
Option D: Incorrect. While buffers are related to transmission, their primary function is storage.

1008. In Ethernet frame, both destination and sender addresses are of length

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (D) 6 Bytes.

Exam Relevance: Computer Networks, CCNA, CISSP

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: In Ethernet frames, both the destination and source MAC addresses are 6 bytes long.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the length of MAC addresses with other address types, such as IP addresses, which are 4 bytes for IPv4 and 16 bytes for IPv6.

Explanations: Ethernet frames include a destination MAC address and a source MAC address, each of which is 6 bytes long. This is a standard format in Ethernet communication to uniquely identify the sender and receiver of the frame.

Option Analysis:

Option A: 1 Byte is incorrect because it is too short to uniquely identify a device on a network.
Option B: 2 Bytes is incorrect because it is still too short to uniquely identify a device on a network.
Option C: 4 Bytes is incorrect because it is not the standard length for MAC addresses.
Option D: 6 Bytes is correct because it is the standard length for both destination and source MAC addresses in Ethernet frames.

Mnemonic: MAC 6, like a MAC address is 6 bytes.

1009. Analog-to-analog conversion is needed if the available bandwidth is.....

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) Band-pass.

Exam Relevance: EE, ECE, Signal Processing Exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Analog-to-analog conversion is necessary when the available bandwidth is band-pass, meaning the signal is limited to a specific range of frequencies.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse band-pass with low-pass, thinking that any frequency limitation requires analog-to-analog conversion.

Explanations: Analog-to-analog conversion is specifically needed when the available bandwidth is band-pass. This is because a band-pass signal is confined to a specific range of frequencies, and conversion is required to ensure the signal remains within this range. Low-pass signals, on the other hand, are limited to frequencies below a certain threshold, and do not necessarily require analog-to-analog conversion.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Low-pass bandwidth does not require analog-to-analog conversion as it only limits frequencies below a certain threshold.
Option B: Band-pass bandwidth requires analog-to-analog conversion to maintain the signal within a specific frequency range.
Option C: Either low-pass or band-pass is incorrect because only band-pass requires analog-to-analog conversion.
Option D: Neither low-pass nor band-pass is incorrect because band-pass does require analog-to-analog conversion.

Mnemonic: Band-pass, not low-pass, needs conversion.

1010. In IPv4 Addresses, classless addressing is used to

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Overcome Address Depletion.

Exam Relevance: CCNA, CISSP, CompTIA Network+

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Classless addressing, also known as Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), is a method used to allocate and route IP addresses more efficiently. It was introduced to address the issue of IPv4 address depletion.

Common Mistakes: Students often confuse address depletion with other terms like depreciation or deployment, which are not directly related to the scarcity of IP addresses.

Explanations: Classless addressing, or CIDR, was developed to overcome the problem of IPv4 address depletion. As the number of devices connected to the internet grew, the traditional classful addressing scheme could not efficiently allocate the limited number of IPv4 addresses. CIDR allows for more flexible allocation of IP addresses, reducing wastage and extending the lifespan of IPv4 addresses.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Address depreciation is not a term used in the context of IP addressing. It is a common misconception.
Option B: Address deployment refers to the process of assigning IP addresses, but it does not address the issue of scarcity.
Option C: Address depletion refers to the scarcity of IPv4 addresses, which CIDR aims to mitigate.
Option D: Address storage is not a relevant issue in the context of IP addressing.

Mnemonic: CIDR saves IP, not lost.

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Computer networking MCQ - Set 101

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