The most remarkable of them all is the highly polished monolithic lion-capital found at Sarnath, which is now the Emblem of the Government of India. It represents four roaring lions back to back facing the four cardinal directions. The round abacus is decorated with four dharmachakras or wheels of law, alternating with an elephant, a bull, a horse and a lion, all carved with masterly skill. The abacus is supported by a bell-shaped base consisting of a lotus with dharmachakra, which perhaps symbolized the victory of righteousness over physical force. The superb modelling of the figures executed in a realistic manner with a certain stylization, is invested with a great power and dignity, and reveals the aristocratic and international nature of Mauryan art. "

The Deputy Chairman performs the duties of the Chairman's office when it is vacant or when the Vice-President acts as President or discharges the functions of the President. He also acts as the Chairman when the latter is absent from the sitting of the House. In both the cases, he has all the powers of the Chairman.

Under the Rules of Rajya Sabha, the Chairman nominates from amongst the members a panel of vice- chairpersons. Any one of them can preside over the House in the absence of the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman. He has the same powers as the Chairman when so presiding. He holds office until a new panel of vice-chairpersons is nominated. It must be emphasised here that a member of the panel of vice-chairpersons cannot preside over the House, when the office of the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman is vacant. During such time, the Chairman's duties are to be performed by such member of the House as the president may appoint for the purpose. The elections are held, as soon as possible, to fill the vacant posts.

Indian Polity by M Laxmikanth;

Improvisation: TH ;

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Statement 1 is incorrect :

The basic ideology behind all the reform movements in the 19^th century were not the same, as few movements have orthodox ideologies and mostly had religious tendencies. For example - Religious Universalism

Statement 2 is Incorrect :

Not all the movements were targeted against religious superstitious and obscurantism, few supported these tendencies and were against the reform process

Statement 3 is correct :

The last decades of 19^th century saw the rising tide of nationalism and democracy also found expression in movements to reform and democratise the social institutions and religious outlook of the Indian people. Factors such as growth of nationalist sentiments, emergence of new economic forces, spread of education, impact of modern western ideas and culture and increased awareness of the world strengthened the resolve to reform

It is not a part of basic structure. Although, Supreme Court in S.R. Bommai case had declared secularism to be part of basic structure, but it nowhere mentioned UCC as its part explicitly.It is only a directive principle under Article 44. It does not require any constitutional amendment to be implemented.

Thus, all the statements mentioned above are incorrect.

• Mughal architecture began in the reign of Akbar. The crowning achievements of his reign was the building of his new capital city of Fatehpur, 40 km from Agra.
• The Arch of the BulandDarwaja is the most imposing gateway in the world.
• The tomb of Saint Salim Chisti isexquisite in its beauty. Jodha Bai Palace is a fine example of ancient Indian architecture.
• The Jama Masjid was built with the influence of the Persian style.
• The Dewan-i-Amm andthe Dewan-i-Khas are famous for their planning and decoration. The Ibadat Khana andPanch Mahal are another notable buildings.
• The Panch Mahal is a pyramidal structure infive storeys. It was built on the pattern of a Buddhist Vihara.

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