• Stat1: Tight gas is natural gas produced from reservoir rocks with such low permeability that massive hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce the well at economic rates.
  • A tight gas reservoir is one that cannot be produced at economic flow rates or recover economic volumes of gas unless the well is stimulated by a large hydraulic fracture treatment and/or produced using horizontal wellbores.
  • This definition also applies to coalbed methane, shale gas, and tight carbonate reservoirs.
• State 2: There is a difference between coalbed methane (CBM) and coal mine methane (CMM).
  • CBM refers to methane that is found in coal seams. It is formed during the process of coalification, the transformation of plant material into coal.
  • CMM refers to methane released from the coal and surrounding rock strata due to mining activities.
  • Like CBM, CMM is a subset of the methane found in coal seams, but it refers specifically to the methane found within mining areas (e.g., within a mining plan), while CBM refers to methane in coal seams that will never be mined.
• In underground mines CMM can create an explosive hazard to coal miners, so it is removed through ventilation systems. In abandoned mines and surface mines, methane might also escape to the atmosphere through natural fissures or other diffuse sources.

Refer: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35289/InTech-The_expansion_of_unconventional_production_of_natural_gas_tight_gas_gas_shale_and_coal_bed_methane_.pdf "

The Anti-Defection Law in India added the 10^th Schedule to the Constitution.

• "It is interesting to note that many advanced democracies face similar problems but haven't enacted any such laws to regulate legislators. Prominent cases in UK politics include the defection of Ramsay Macdonald, the first Labour Prime Minister, in 1931. He defected from his party following disagreements on policy responses to the economic crisis. Neither Macdonald nor any of his three cabinet colleagues who defected with him resigned their seats in the House of Commons to seek a fresh mandate."
• "Australian Parliament too has had its share of defections. Legislators have often shifted loyalties and governments have been formed and toppled in quick succession. In the US too, Congressmen often vote against the party programme on important issues without actually defecting from the party."

Improvisation: TH: Badal wants stronger anti-defection law ;

PRS Blog ; PRS: Anti-Defection Law - Intent and Impact ;

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Comprehensively resolving the twin balance sheet challenge would require '4 Rs': Recognition, Recapitalization, Resolution, and Reform.

• Banks must value their assets as far as possible close to true value (recognition) as the RBI has been emphasizing;
• Once they do so, their capital position must be safeguarded via infusions of equity (re-capitalisation)as the banks have been demanding;
• The underlying stressed assets in the corporate sector must be sold or rehabilitated (resolution) as the government has been desiring; and
• Future incentives for the Private Sector and corporates must be set-right (reform) to avoid a repetition of the problem, as everyone has been clamouring.

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136850 "

Keezhadi is to the southeast of Madurai. Historians suggest that the antiquity of Madurai - as a result of this find - could be pushed by well over a millennium. The excavation at Keezhadi has been carried out at two localities in the farm. Both the places have yielded different items and are presumed to represent a social hierarchy.

• The bigger of the two locations with more number of trenches is said to be a settlement of educated rich people, as many jewellery, fine game stones, semi-precious stones and a dozen Tamil Brahmi inscriptions have been found. Even the brick structures appear more refined. Beads of agate, Carnelian and quartz indicate that they had trade link with countries like Rome. The Tamil Brahmi letters found on pottery is all names of individuals such as, Thisan, Aadhan and Udhiran. They are typical Sangam Age Tamil names.
• The second locality has more of graffiti on pottery, bone tools and iron weapons.

Primary Source: TH: Keezhadi archaeological excavation ;

Improvisation: TH: Carbon dating confirms TN site is from Sangam era ; "