sociology MCQ questions answers

1441. What is structure according to A. Giddens?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) Rules and resources that actors use in interaction contexts.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Social Theory exams, Undergraduate Sociology exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: According to Anthony Giddens, structure refers to the rules and resources that actors use in interaction contexts. This concept is central to his theory of structuration.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse structure with patterns of behavior or values, which are related but distinct concepts.

Explanations: Giddens defines structure as the rules and resources that actors use in interaction contexts. Rules refer to the norms, conventions, and laws that guide behavior, while resources include the material and non-material means that actors can utilize. This definition emphasizes the duality of structure, where structure both constrains and enables action.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Patterns and standards of behaviour of actors. This option refers to behavior patterns, which are not the primary focus of Giddens' definition of structure.
Option B: Rules and resources that actors use in interaction contexts. This is the correct definition according to Giddens' theory of structuration.
Option C: Values and ideals that regulate the conducts of human beings. This option refers to values and ideals, which are not the focus of Giddens' definition of structure.
Option D: Groups and collectivists that are formed in the course of social interaction. This option refers to social groups, which are not the primary focus of Giddens' definition of structure.

1442. I was the creator of the functionalist perspective

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Emile Durkheim.

Exam Relevance: AP Sociology, Sociology 101, Social Theory Exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Emile Durkheim is recognized as the founder of the functionalist perspective in sociology.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse Emile Durkheim with other sociologists such as Auguste Comte or Herbert Spencer, who also made significant contributions to sociology.

Explanations: Emile Durkheim is credited with developing the functionalist perspective, which views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. He emphasized the importance of social facts and the role of institutions in maintaining social order. This perspective focuses on how different parts of society contribute to the overall functioning of the whole.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Emile Durkheim is the correct answer as he is the founder of the functionalist perspective.
Option B: Auguste Comte is known as the "father of sociology" but is not specifically associated with the functionalist perspective.
Option C: Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist and translator of Comte's work, but she is not associated with the functionalist perspective.
Option D: Herbert Spencer is known for his social Darwinist views and the concept of "survival of the fittest," but he is not the founder of the functionalist perspective.

Mnemonic: D for Durkheim, D for Durability (of social structures)

1443. The Untouchability Crime act implemented in the year

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) 1955.

Exam Relevance: UPSC, Civil Services, Competitive Exams

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: The Untouchability (Offences) Act was implemented in 1955 to address and penalize acts of untouchability.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the year with other significant acts or laws related to social justice and equality.

Explanations: The Untouchability (Offences) Act was enacted in 1955 to criminalize acts of untouchability and provide legal protection to those affected by it. This act was a significant step towards eradicating the practice of untouchability in India.

Option Analysis:

Option A: 1976 is incorrect as the act was implemented earlier in 1955.
Option B: 1955 is the correct year when the Untouchability (Offences) Act was implemented.
Option C: 1945 is incorrect as the act was implemented a decade later in 1955.
Option D: 1965 is incorrect as the act was implemented a decade earlier in 1955.

1444. Whi os the founding father of functionalism?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Emile Durkheim.

Exam Relevance: AP Sociology, GRE Sociology, Sociology PhD Qualifying Exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Emile Durkheim is recognized as a founding figure in the development of functionalism within sociology.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse Durkheim with other sociological theorists such as Karl Marx or Max Weber, who are also influential but in different theoretical frameworks.

Explanations: Emile Durkheim is credited with founding functionalism in sociology. He argued that society functions as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. His work emphasized the importance of social facts and the role of institutions in maintaining social order, which are key tenets of functionalism.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Karl Marx is associated with conflict theory, not functionalism.
Option B: Max Weber is known for his work on rationalization and the Protestant Ethic, not functionalism.
Option C: Emile Durkheim is the correct answer as he is the founding father of functionalism.
Option D: Eli Zaretsky is a contemporary sociologist and not associated with the founding of functionalism.

Mnemonic: D for Durkheim, D for Durkheim, D for Durkheim, D for functionalism.

1445. Type of society that has factories, but workers remain poor with long hours, and unsafe working conditions.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Industrial.

Exam Relevance: AP World History, IB History, SAT Subject Tests

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: The Industrial society is characterized by the presence of factories and mass production, often leading to poor working conditions for laborers.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the characteristics of an Industrial society with those of a Post-Industrial society, which typically has more advanced technology and service-oriented economies.

Explanations: The Industrial society is marked by the rise of factories and mass production, which often results in long working hours and unsafe conditions for workers. This is a common feature of early industrialization where economic growth is prioritized over worker welfare. The other options do not fit the description: Agrarian societies are based on farming, Hunter-Gatherer societies rely on hunting and gathering, and Post-Industrial societies have moved beyond manufacturing to service-based economies.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Agrarian societies are based on farming and do not typically have factories.
Option B: Hunter-Gatherer societies do not have factories or industrial production.
Option C: Industrial societies have factories and often poor working conditions for laborers.
Option D: Post-Industrial societies have moved beyond manufacturing and do not typically have the described working conditions.

Mnemonic: Factories, Poor, Long, Unsafe (FPLU)

1446. The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C. Wright Mills called

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) The sociological imagination.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Social Science exams, Anthropology exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: The sociological imagination is a term coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills to describe the ability to understand the relationship between individual experiences and the larger social forces that shape them.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the sociological imagination with other sociological concepts such as the psychological perspective, which focuses more on individual behavior and mental processes.

Explanations: C. Wright Mills introduced the concept of the sociological imagination to highlight the importance of understanding how personal troubles are often connected to public issues. This concept allows individuals to see how their personal experiences are influenced by broader social structures and historical contexts.

Option Analysis:

Option A: The psychological perspective focuses on individual behavior and mental processes, not the connection between personal experiences and larger social forces.
Option B: The sociological imagination is the correct term for the ability to see the connection between personal life and the larger world, as defined by C. Wright Mills.
Option C: Sociological collaboration refers to working together in sociological research, not the ability to connect personal experiences to broader social forces.
Option D: Social sociology is a broad field of study, not a specific term for the ability to connect personal experiences to larger social forces.

Mnemonic: Sociological Imagination: See the Social in the Personal

1447. A Hypothesis is a

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) A prediction of outcomes.

Exam Relevance: AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, SAT Subject Tests

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, often formulated as a testable prediction.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse a hypothesis with a conclusion or a variable.

Explanations: A hypothesis is a statement that proposes a possible explanation for a phenomenon, often based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. It is typically formulated as a prediction that can be tested through experiments or further observations. This aligns with the definition of a prediction of outcomes.

Option Analysis:

Option A: A large mammal is unrelated to the concept of a hypothesis.
Option B: A prediction of outcomes correctly defines a hypothesis.
Option C: A variable is a factor that can change in an experiment, not a hypothesis.
Option D: The conclusions of a study are the results derived from the data, not a hypothesis.

Mnemonic: Hypothesis: "H" for "Hunch" - a hunch about outcomes.

1448. According to..... a variety of life experiences can come to be viewed as illnesses or not.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (D) Labeling theory.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Social Work exams, Psychology exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Labeling theory in sociology suggests that the way society labels individuals can influence their behavior and self-identity. It posits that certain behaviors or experiences can be categorized as illnesses based on societal norms and definitions.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse labeling theory with other sociological perspectives such as functionalism, conflict theory, or symbolic interactionism, which have different focuses and explanations.

Explanations: Labeling theory explains how societal labels can transform a variety of life experiences into illnesses. This theory emphasizes the role of societal definitions and reactions in shaping individual identities and behaviors. For instance, a person might be labeled as having a mental illness based on societal norms, which can then influence their self-perception and actions.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Functionalist perspective focuses on how societal structures and institutions maintain stability and order, not on labeling individuals as ill.
Option B: Conflict perspective emphasizes power struggles and inequalities within society, not the labeling of individuals as ill.
Option C: Interactionist perspective focuses on how individuals construct meaning through social interactions, but it does not specifically address the labeling of illnesses.
Option D: Labeling theory directly addresses how societal labels can transform life experiences into illnesses.

Mnemonic: Labeling theory: "Labels make the illness."

1449. While competition emphasizes achieving a goal, ..... emphasizes defeating an opponent

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Conflict.

Exam Relevance: SAT, ACT, AP Psychology

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: Conflict emphasizes defeating an opponent, whereas competition focuses on achieving a goal.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse conflict with competition, as both involve opposition.

Explanations: Conflict is characterized by a desire to defeat or overcome an opponent, often involving a struggle or clash. Competition, on the other hand, is focused on achieving a goal, often through comparison with others but not necessarily with the intent to defeat them.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Conflict emphasizes defeating an opponent, which aligns with the question's requirement.
Option B: Arbitration involves resolving disputes, not defeating an opponent.
Option C: Mediation involves facilitating a resolution, not defeating an opponent.
Option D: Bureaucracy involves administrative processes, not defeating an opponent.

1450. A group decision is riskier than an individual decision.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Risky Shift.

Exam Relevance: Psychology exams, Social Psychology exams, Organizational Behavior exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Risky Shift is a phenomenon where group decisions tend to be riskier than individual decisions.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse Risky Shift with Group Think, which involves a desire for harmony or conformity in the group leading to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making.

Explanations: Risky Shift occurs when individuals in a group setting tend to make decisions that are riskier than they would make individually. This phenomenon is due to the diffusion of responsibility and the influence of group dynamics, leading to a collective willingness to take on greater risks.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Risky Shift is the correct answer as it describes the phenomenon where group decisions are riskier than individual decisions.
Option B: Group Think involves a desire for harmony or conformity in the group, leading to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making, but does not specifically address the riskier nature of group decisions.
Option C: Mindguarding refers to the process where group members protect the group from information that might challenge the group's beliefs or decisions, but it does not directly relate to the riskier nature of group decisions.
Option D: Emergent Norm Theory explains how norms emerge in a group, but it does not specifically address the riskier nature of group decisions.

Mnemonic: Risky Shift: "Group Risk, Individual Caution"

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3 thoughts on “sociology MCQ questions answers - Set 145”

Anonymous January 28, 2020
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ghodwadikar anand April 19, 2020
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SHANKARAPPA D A September 12, 2020
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3 thoughts on “sociology MCQ questions answers - Set 145”

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