sociology MCQ questions answers – Change your future

141. Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez-Faire

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) Leadership Styles.

Exam Relevance: Organizational Behavior, Management, Leadership Studies

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Leadership styles refer to the approach a leader takes to provide direction, implement plans, and motivate people. Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire are recognized as distinct leadership styles.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse leadership styles with leadership types, which are broader categories that encompass various styles.

Explanations: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire are specific approaches to leadership that define how leaders interact with their followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions unilaterally, Democratic leaders involve followers in decision-making, and Laissez-Faire leaders allow followers to make decisions with minimal intervention. These are recognized as distinct leadership styles, not types or other concepts.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Leadership Types refer to broader categories of leadership, such as transactional and transformational, not specific styles like Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire.
Option B: Leadership Styles are the specific approaches leaders use, which include Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire.
Option C: Proxemics is the study of how people use space in communication and is unrelated to leadership styles.
Option D: Reference Group refers to a group to which an individual compares themselves and is not related to leadership styles.

Mnemonic: A D L - Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez-Faire

142. Reference group are groups used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and mores. What are the two types of reference groups?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) In group and out groups.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Psychology exams, Social Work exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Reference groups are categorized into in-groups and out-groups based on an individual's membership and identification with the group.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse reference groups with primary and secondary groups, which are different classifications based on the nature of relationships within the group.

Explanations: In-groups are groups to which an individual feels a sense of belonging and membership, and from which they derive their self-identity. Out-groups are groups to which an individual does not belong and may view with some level of comparison or contrast. These classifications are specifically used in the context of reference groups for self-evaluation and attitude formation.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Primary and secondary groups are based on the nature of relationships and frequency of interaction, not on the individual's self-evaluation process.
Option B: In groups and out groups are the correct classifications for reference groups based on membership and identification.
Option C: Social and non-social groups are not standard classifications for reference groups.
Option D: This option is incorrect as the correct classification is provided in option B.

Mnemonic: In-group: "I belong," Out-group: "Others belong"

143. In sociology cultural beliefs that serve to legitimate key interests and hence justify social stratification is called

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Ideology.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Anthropology exams, Social Science exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or principles that justify and legitimize social stratification and key interests within a society.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse ideology with other sociological concepts such as caste or race, which are more specific forms of social stratification.

Explanations: Ideology is the correct answer because it encompasses the cultural beliefs and principles that justify and legitimize social stratification. It serves to maintain the status quo by providing a rationale for existing power structures and social hierarchies. Caste, symbol, and race do not specifically refer to the legitimization of social stratification through cultural beliefs.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Caste refers to a system of social stratification based on hereditary status, not cultural beliefs that justify social stratification.
Option B: Symbol refers to a sign or token that represents something else, not cultural beliefs that justify social stratification.
Option C: Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or principles that justify and legitimize social stratification and key interests within a society.
Option D: Race refers to a classification of humans based on physical traits, not cultural beliefs that justify social stratification.

144. A formal structure of an organizations is its.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Bylaws and body of officers.

Exam Relevance: MBA exams, Organizational Behavior exams, Business Management exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: The formal structure of an organization refers to the official rules and roles that govern its operations.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the formal structure with the leadership structure or the organization's public image.

Explanations: The formal structure of an organization is defined by its bylaws and the body of officers. Bylaws are the official rules that govern the organization's operations, while the body of officers refers to the leadership roles and their responsibilities. These elements together form the official framework that guides the organization's functioning.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Leadership structure refers to the hierarchy and roles of leaders within the organization, but it does not encompass the full formal structure.
Option B: Full-time employees are part of the organization's workforce but do not define the formal structure.
Option C: Bylaws and body of officers are the official rules and leadership roles that define the formal structure.
Option D: Appearance to the general public refers to the organization's public image, which is not the same as its formal structure.

145. Which are examples of Sects? (2)

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (D) Only (A) & (B).

Exam Relevance: Religious Studies, Sociology, Anthropology

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Sects are religious groups that have separated from a larger religion, often maintaining some of the original beliefs and practices but with distinct differences.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse sects with cults, which are often more extreme and have a charismatic leader.

Explanations: The Amish and the Bruderhof are both examples of sects as they have separated from larger Christian denominations but maintain many of the original beliefs and practices. The Satanic Temple, however, is generally considered a new religious movement rather than a sect, as it does not originate from a specific mainstream religion.

Option Analysis:

Option A: The Amish are a sect that separated from the Anabaptist movement.
Option B: The Bruderhof are a sect that separated from the Hutterites.
Option C: The Satanic Temple is not a sect but a new religious movement.
Option D: Only (A) & (B) are correct as they are both sects.

Mnemonic: A & B, not C, for sects.

146. A rigorous set of techniques to technically record and then analyse what happens in everyday speech is called

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Conversational analysis.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Linguistics exams, Communication studies exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Conversational analysis is a method used to study everyday speech and social interaction.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse conversational analysis with general communication studies or social interaction theories.

Explanations: Conversational analysis is a rigorous set of techniques used to record and analyze everyday speech. It involves detailed examination of the structure and function of conversations, focusing on the sequential organization of talk and the ways in which speakers coordinate their actions. This method is distinct from broader concepts like communication or social interaction, which do not specifically refer to the technical recording and analysis of speech.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Correct. Conversational analysis is the method used to technically record and analyze everyday speech.
Option B: Incorrect. Social interaction is a broader concept that includes various forms of human interaction, not specifically the analysis of speech.
Option C: Incorrect. Communication is a general term that encompasses all forms of conveying information, not specifically the analysis of everyday speech.
Option D: Incorrect. Way of talking is too vague and does not refer to a specific method of analysis.

147. The study of traits that appear in specific population as adaptation to specific environments is called.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Physical anthropology.

Exam Relevance: Anthropology exams, Biology exams, Evolutionary Biology exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Physical anthropology is the study of human evolution and biological variation, including how traits adapt to specific environments.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse physical anthropology with cultural anthropology, which focuses on human cultures and societies rather than biological adaptations.

Explanations: Physical anthropology examines how human traits evolve and adapt to different environments. This includes studying the physical characteristics of humans and how these characteristics change over time in response to environmental pressures. Therefore, the study of traits that appear in specific populations as adaptations to specific environments falls under the purview of physical anthropology.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Correct. Physical anthropology studies human biological variation and adaptation to environments.
Option B: Incorrect. Cultural anthropology focuses on human cultures and societies, not biological adaptations.
Option C: Incorrect. Demography studies population statistics, not biological adaptations.
Option D: Incorrect. Psychology focuses on mental processes and behavior, not biological adaptations.

Mnemonic: PAPA: Physical Anthropology Pertains to Adaptation

148. Etiology of deviance means

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Study of causes of violation of official norms.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Criminology exams, Psychology exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Etiology of deviance refers to the study of the origins and causes of deviant behavior, specifically focusing on why individuals violate societal norms.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse etiology of deviance with the actual correction or punishment of deviant behavior.

Explanations: Etiology of deviance is the study of the underlying causes and origins of deviant behavior. It focuses on understanding why individuals violate societal norms, rather than on the data collection, correction, or legal consequences of such behavior. This makes option A the correct answer.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Correct. This option accurately defines the etiology of deviance as the study of the causes of deviant behavior.
Option B: Incorrect. Crime data refers to statistical information about criminal activities, not the study of their causes.
Option C: Incorrect. Correcting deviant minds pertains to the treatment or correction of deviant behavior, not its causes.
Option D: Incorrect. Court findings to punish the accused are related to legal consequences, not the study of the causes of deviance.

149. Change is nearly always.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) Costly.

Exam Relevance: GMAT, GRE, CAT, UPSC

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: Change often involves financial, time, or resource investments, making it costly.

Common Mistakes: Students may overlook the financial implications of change and focus only on the qualitative aspects.

Explanations: Change typically requires resources such as time, effort, and money. These resources represent a cost, making change costly in most scenarios.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Priceless is not accurate as change can be quantified in terms of cost.
Option B: Costly is correct as change often involves financial or resource investments.
Option C: Ineffective is not accurate as change can be effective, though it may be costly.
Option D: None of these is incorrect as "costly" is a valid description of change.

Mnemonic: Change Costs Cash

150. In a(n) ....., the emphasis shifts from a production of food to a production of manufactured goods.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Industrial society.

Exam Relevance: AP Human Geography, Sociology Exams, Economics Exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: In an industrial society, the economy shifts from agricultural production to manufacturing and industrial production.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse industrial society with preindustrial society, where agriculture is the primary economic activity.

Explanations: An industrial society is characterized by a significant shift from agricultural production to the production of manufactured goods. This transition is marked by the development of factories, the use of machinery, and the growth of urban areas. The emphasis on manufacturing and industrial production is a defining feature of an industrial society, making it the correct answer.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Preindustrial society is incorrect because it is characterized by agricultural production, not manufacturing.
Option B: Postindustrial society is incorrect because it is marked by a shift from manufacturing to service and information-based economies.
Option C: Industrial society is correct because it emphasizes the production of manufactured goods over agricultural production.
Option D: Industrial revolution is incorrect because it refers to the period of transition from agrarian to industrialized economies, not the society itself.

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3 thoughts on “sociology MCQ questions answers - Set 15”

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ghodwadikar anand April 19, 2020

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SHANKARAPPA D A September 12, 2020

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3 thoughts on “sociology MCQ questions answers - Set 15”

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