sociology MCQ questions answers – Change your future

371. Which one of the following is not an example of non-verbal communication?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) Talking.

Exam Relevance: SAT, ACT, TOEFL, IELTS

Difficulty: Easy

Concept notes: Non-verbal communication involves conveying messages without the use of spoken or written words.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse talking with non-verbal communication, as both are forms of communication.

Explanations: Talking is a form of verbal communication, which involves the use of spoken words to convey messages. Non-verbal communication, on the other hand, includes actions such as smiling, frowning, and waving, which do not involve spoken language.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Smiling is a form of non-verbal communication as it conveys emotions without words.
Option B: Talking is a form of verbal communication, not non-verbal communication.
Option C: Frowning is a form of non-verbal communication as it conveys emotions without words.
Option D: Waving is a form of non-verbal communication as it conveys a message without words.

372. What is a spurious correlation?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) When two variable are not directly related.

Exam Relevance: AP Statistics, GRE, GMAT

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Spurious correlation refers to a situation where two variables appear to be correlated, but in reality, they are not directly related. This can occur due to chance, the presence of a confounding variable, or other factors.

Common Mistakes: Students often confuse spurious correlation with a direct causal relationship, leading to incorrect conclusions about the nature of the relationship between variables.

Explanations: Spurious correlation occurs when two variables show a correlation, but this correlation is not due to a direct relationship between them. Instead, it may be due to other factors or coincidental patterns. The correct answer, "When two variables are not directly related," accurately captures this concept.

Option Analysis:

Option A: This option incorrectly suggests that spurious correlation involves a direct correlation, which is not the case.
Option B: This option describes a general correlation, which does not capture the essence of spurious correlation.
Option C: This option correctly identifies that spurious correlation involves variables that are not directly related.
Option D: This option incorrectly suggests that there is no relationship at all, which is not the case for spurious correlation.

373. Marx in his theory of class consciousness has been criticised because he has

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Given no place to middle classes.

Exam Relevance: PhD Comprehensive Exams, Sociology Exams, Political Science Exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Marx's theory of class consciousness primarily focuses on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). Critics argue that this binary view overlooks the role and influence of the middle classes.

Common Mistakes: Students often misunderstand Marx's theory as a comprehensive explanation of all social classes, when in fact, it primarily focuses on the two main classes in capitalist society.

Explanations: Marx's theory of class consciousness emphasizes the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, which are the two primary classes in capitalist society. Critics argue that this binary view does not adequately account for the middle classes, such as the petite bourgeoisie, professionals, and managers. By not giving a significant place to the middle classes, Marx's theory is seen as incomplete in its analysis of class dynamics and social stratification.

Option Analysis:

Option A: This option correctly identifies the criticism that Marx's theory does not adequately address the middle classes.
Option B: This option is incorrect because Marx's theory does not elevate the middle classes; it primarily focuses on the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Option C: This option is incorrect as it does not address the specific criticism of Marx's theory.
Option D: This option is incorrect because it suggests both options A and B are correct, which is not the case.

374. Meant to explain something such as: what is the meaning of life?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Ideologies.

Exam Relevance: AP World History, IB Theory of Knowledge, SAT Subject Tests

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Ideologies are systems of beliefs and values that provide explanations for complex issues and guide actions.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse ideologies with other social constructs like culture or socialization, which do not specifically aim to explain or provide meaning to life.

Explanations: Ideologies are comprehensive systems of beliefs and values that attempt to explain the world and provide a framework for understanding complex issues, including existential questions like the meaning of life. They offer a structured way to interpret and make sense of the world, which aligns with the task of explaining what the meaning of life might be.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Society refers to a group of people living together in an organized community, but it does not specifically aim to explain the meaning of life.
Option B: Culture encompasses the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group, but it does not directly provide an explanation for the meaning of life.
Option C: Ideologies are systems of beliefs and values that provide explanations for complex issues, including the meaning of life.
Option D: Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the values, norms, and behaviors of their society, but it does not specifically aim to explain the meaning of life.

375. In sociology largest and richest of these countries are known as

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) G8.

Exam Relevance: UPSC, GRE, GMAT, IAS

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: The G8, or Group of Eight, is a forum for the governments of eight of the world's largest and richest economies.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse G8 with other groups like G20 or G7, which also involve major economies but have different compositions.

Explanations: The G8 is a forum for the governments of eight of the world's largest and richest economies. These countries include Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The G8 is known for its significant economic and political influence, making it the largest and richest group of countries in this context.

Option Analysis:

Option A: G2 is not a recognized forum for the largest and richest countries.
Option B: G8 is the correct answer as it represents the largest and richest countries.
Option C: G4 is a group of countries seeking permanent membership in the UN Security Council, not the largest and richest countries.
Option D: G1 is not a recognized forum for the largest and richest countries.

Mnemonic: G8: Great Eight, Global Giants

376. Next society after hunter-gathers, began more permanent settlements, take care of family members in household

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Horticultural society.

Exam Relevance: AP World History, IB History, SAT Subject Tests

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Horticultural societies are characterized by the cultivation of plants using simple tools and techniques, often leading to more permanent settlements and family-based household structures.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse horticultural societies with agricultural societies, which involve more advanced farming techniques and larger-scale production.

Explanations: Horticultural societies represent a significant step after hunter-gatherer societies. They involve the cultivation of plants using simple tools, which allows for more permanent settlements. This shift enables families to settle in one place and take care of family members within a household, distinguishing it from the more nomadic lifestyle of hunter-gatherers.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Agricultural societies involve more advanced farming techniques and larger-scale production, which is not the immediate next step after hunter-gatherers.
Option B: Hunting and gathering societies are the initial stage before the development of more settled lifestyles.
Option C: Horticultural societies are the correct answer as they involve the cultivation of plants using simple tools, leading to more permanent settlements and family-based household structures.
Option D: Pastoral societies focus on the herding of animals, which is a different path of development from horticulture.

Mnemonic: Garden, Family, Settle (GFS)

377. If you start out from business school as an upper-level manager and get laid off 10 years later because of corporate downsizing, you have experienced:

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (C) Downward intragenerational mobility.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Management exams, Social Science exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Intragenerational mobility refers to changes in social or economic status within a person's lifetime. Downward mobility indicates a decrease in status.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse intragenerational mobility with intergenerational mobility, which refers to changes in status between generations.

Explanations: The scenario describes a situation where an individual starts as an upper-level manager and is later laid off due to corporate downsizing. This represents a decrease in economic status within the same generation, which is defined as downward intragenerational mobility.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Upward intergenerational mobility refers to an increase in status from one generation to the next, which does not apply to the scenario.
Option B: Upward intragenerational mobility refers to an increase in status within the same generation, which is the opposite of what occurred in the scenario.
Option C: Downward intragenerational mobility refers to a decrease in status within the same generation, which accurately describes the scenario.
Option D: Downward intergenerational mobility refers to a decrease in status from one generation to the next, which does not apply to the scenario.

Mnemonic: Downward = Decrease, Intra = Within, Generational = Same Generation

378. Which theory of sociology says that socialization happens to perpetuate the status quo?

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (A) Conflict Perspective.

Exam Relevance: AP Sociology, Sociology 101, Social Theory Exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: The Conflict Perspective in sociology argues that socialization serves to maintain the status quo by reinforcing existing power structures and inequalities.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the Conflict Perspective with Functionalism, which views socialization as a means to maintain social order and stability.

Explanations: The Conflict Perspective posits that socialization is a mechanism through which dominant groups maintain their power and control over subordinate groups. This theory emphasizes the role of socialization in perpetuating inequalities and the status quo, rather than promoting social cohesion or individual interactions.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Correct. The Conflict Perspective argues that socialization perpetuates the status quo by reinforcing existing power structures and inequalities.
Option B: Incorrect. Functionalism views socialization as a means to maintain social order and stability, not to perpetuate the status quo.
Option C: Incorrect. Symbolic Interactionism focuses on how individuals interpret and give meaning to their social interactions, not on perpetuating the status quo.
Option D: Incorrect. This option is not applicable as the correct answer is provided.

379. Labeling theorists.

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (D) Contend that in many cases those labeled deviant identity and pursue a career of deviance.

Exam Relevance: Sociology exams, Criminology exams, Social Psychology exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: Labeling theory in sociology suggests that labeling someone as deviant can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where the individual adopts the deviant label and continues to engage in deviant behavior.

Common Mistakes: Students may mistakenly believe that labeling has no significant impact on an individual's behavior or that deviance is solely a result of inherent characteristics.

Explanations: Labeling theorists argue that when individuals are labeled as deviant, they may internalize this label and act in accordance with it. This can lead to a cycle where the individual continues to engage in deviant behavior, reinforcing the label and potentially pursuing a career of deviance. This concept is central to understanding how societal reactions can influence individual behavior.

Option Analysis:

Option A: This option is incorrect because labeling theorists do not focus on the reasons why individuals engage in deviant behavior; rather, they focus on the consequences of being labeled as deviant.
Option B: This option is incorrect because labeling theory does not contend that certain acts are inherently criminal; it focuses on the social process of labeling and its effects.
Option C: This option is incorrect because labeling theorists argue that labeling does have a significant effect on behavior, contrary to what this option suggests.
Option D: This option is correct because it accurately reflects the core idea of labeling theory, which is that labeling someone as deviant can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where the individual continues to engage in deviant behavior.

Mnemonic: Label, Deviant, Cycle

380. An influencing issue related to observation studies is

Correct Answer: Correct answer is: (B) Observer effect.

Exam Relevance: PhD Qualifying Exams, Research Methodology Exams

Difficulty: Moderate

Concept notes: The observer effect refers to changes in behavior or outcomes that occur due to the presence of an observer in a study.

Common Mistakes: Students may confuse the observer effect with observer bias, which is a different issue related to the observer's personal beliefs influencing the study results.

Explanations: The observer effect is a significant issue in observational studies because the mere presence of an observer can alter the behavior of the subjects being observed. This can lead to results that do not accurately reflect the natural behavior or conditions of the subjects. Therefore, the observer effect is a critical influencing issue in observation studies.

Option Analysis:

Option A: Observer behavior refers to the actions of the observer, but it does not specifically address the impact of the observer's presence on the subjects.
Option B: Observer effect is the correct term for the phenomenon where the presence of an observer influences the behavior of the subjects.
Option C: Observer boredom is not a recognized influencing issue in observation studies and does not directly impact the study's outcomes.
Option D: Observer interest is not a recognized influencing issue in observation studies and does not directly impact the study's outcomes.

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3 thoughts on “sociology MCQ questions answers - Set 38”

Anonymous January 28, 2020

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ghodwadikar anand April 19, 2020

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SHANKARAPPA D A September 12, 2020

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3 thoughts on “sociology MCQ questions answers - Set 38”

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