When an economy is close to full employment and recruitment becomes difficult placing upward pressure on wages. Ultimately this excess demand causes existing workers wages to steadily rise as workers now hold higher bargaining power.

An equation derived by the twentieth-century physicist Albert Einstein, in which E represents units of energy, m represents units of mass, and c2 is the speed of light squared, or multiplied by itself. (See relativity.)

total compensation. An employee's base pay does not include compensation that might raise the wages above the base level. For example, bonuses, overtime, and commissions are not part of base pay. These types of pay are included in the employee's total compensation.

Selling price helps customers to decide which products they can buy. The purpose of sales-oriented pricing objectives is to increase the total amount of income from sales. There are two ways a business can do this. One way is to charge low prices in an effort to increase sales volume.

Human capital metrics—also referred to as HR metrics—help businesses measure the value and effectiveness of human resources initiatives so that management can plan for the future.