Collective bargaining is a voluntary process used to determine terms and conditions of work and regulate relations between employers, workers and their organisations, leading to the conclusion of a collective agreement.

Trade unions are independent, membership-based organisations of workers that represent and negotiate on behalf of working people. They give advice when their members have problems at work, represent members in discussions with employers, and help improve wages and working conditions by negotiating with employers.

Procurement is an example of operative function of HR managers. Procurement deals with the sourcing activities, negotiation and strategic selection of goods and services that are usually of importance to an organization.

A core definition of total quality management (TQM) describes a management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work.