Equifinality is the principle that in open systems a given end state can be reached by many potential means. In closed systems, a direct cause-and-effect relationship exists between the initial condition and the final state of the system: When a computer's 'on' switch is pushed, the system powers up.

The speed of a Dot Matrix printer is measured in dpi.

It is an educational process through which executives learn conceptual and theoretical knowledge and managerial skills in an organised manner. The main aim of formal education for manager is to increase his ability to learn from experience. Management development involves relating experience to learning.